PROFILE

OFFICIAL NAME:
Republic of Latvia

Geography
Area: 64,589 sq. km. (24,938 sq. mi.); slightly larger than West Virginia.
Cities (2006): Capital--Riga (727,578). Other cities--Daugavpils (109,482); Liepaja (85,915); Jelgava (66,087); Jurmala (55,602); Ventspils (43,806); Rezekne (36,646).
Terrain: Fertile low-lying plains predominate in central Latvia, highlands in Vidzeme and Latgale to the east, and hilly moraine in the western Kurzeme region. Forests cover one-third of the country, with over 3,000 small lakes and numerous bogs. Although there are more than 12,000 rivers in the country, the only major waterways are the Daugava (Dvina) River, which flows through the center of the country and empties into the Gulf of Rîga, and the Gauja River, which rises in the Vidzeme Upland.
Land use: 20% arable land, 8% meadows and pastures, 45% forest and woodland, 27% other.
Climate: Temperate, maritime, with four seasons of almost equal length. Average temperatures in January range from −2.8°C (26.6°F) in the western, coastal town of Liepaja, to −6.6°C (20.1°F) in the inland town of Daugavpils. Mean temperatures for July range from 16.7°C (62.1°F) in Liepaja to 17.6°C (63.7°F) in Daugavpils. Annual precipitation averages 57 centimeters (23 in.).

People
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Latvian(s).
Population (2006): 2,294,590.
Annual growth rate (2006): -0.67% . Birth rate--9.24/1,000. Death rate--13.66/1,000. Migration rate--1,900 immigrants, 2,300 emigrants (2005). Net migration rate (2006): -2.26 migrant(s)/1,000.
Density (2006): 35.5/1 sq. km (2006) (this figure is far lower in parts of western Latvia). Urban dwellers--68%.
Major ethnic groups (2006): Latvians 59%, Russians 28.5%, Belarusians 3.8%, Ukrainians 2.5%, Poles 2.4%.
Religions: Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox. No official figures are available on denomination size. A significant number of Latvians are thought to be non-believers.
State language: Latvian (Lettish). Russian also is spoken by most people.
Education: Years compulsory--9. By 1989, 60% of the adult populace had finished high school, and 12% had completed college. Enrollment (2005/2006)--416,221 students in 1, 570 schools (including pre-school establishments) and 131,125 university students. Literacy--99.8%.
Health: Infant mortality rate--9.35/1,000 (2006). Life expectancy (2006)--66.08 yrs. male, 76.85 yrs. female.
Work force (989,000 people): Industry--16.9%; agriculture/forestry--14.9%; trade--14.9%; education--8.9%; transport/communications--8.7%; public administration/defense--6.9%; construction--6.1%; healthcare/social welfare--6.1%.

Government
Type: Parliamentary democracy.
Constitution: The law "On the Republic of Latvia Status as a State," passed by Parliament on August 21, 1991, provided for the reinstatement of the 1922 constitution.
Branches: Executive--President (head of state), elected by Parliament every 4 years; Prime Minister (head of government). Legislative--Saeima (100-member parliament). Judicial--Supreme Court.
Administrative regions: 26 "rural" districts and 6 districts in Riga.
Principal political parties: People's Party--23 seats, Greens and Farmers--18 seats, New Era--18 Seats, Alliance of Political Organizations (Harmony Center)--17 seats, Latvia's First Party and Latvian /Latvia's Way Union--10 seats, Fatherland and Freedom--8 seats, For Human Rights in United Latvia--6 seats.
Suffrage: universal adult (18 years of age).
National holidays (2007): 1 January (New Year's Day); 6-9 April (Easter); 1 May (Labor Day); 23-24 June (Midsummer Festival); 18 November (National Day, proclamation of the Republic); 25-26 December (Christmas); 31 December (New Year's Eve).

Economy
GDP (2005): $15.11 billion.
Annual growth rate (2005): 10.2%.
Annual inflation rate (2005): 7.0%.
Unemployment rate (2005): 7.2%.
Per capita Income (2005): $6,587.
Natural resources: Peat, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, timber.
Agriculture/forestry (4.0% of GDP): Products--cattle, dairy foods, cereals, potatoes, timber. Land--2.48 million hectares, of which 75% is arable, 25% meadow and pasture.
Industry (13.1% of GDP): Metalworking, machinery and tools, light electrical equipment and fittings, textiles and footwear, technological instruments, construction materials, processed foods.
Major sectors of the economy: Public services--14.2%; construction--6.3%; energy/water--2.6%; trade--19.9%; transport and communications--15.0%; business services--13.2%; financial services--5.5%; other services--3.9%.
Trade (2005): Exports--$4.87 billion: wood/wood products 24.8%; metals 13.1%, food/food products (including alcohol and tobacco) 12%, machines 9.3%, mineral products 9.2%, textiles 8.6%. Major markets--Lithuania 11%, Estonia 10.8%, Germany 10.2%, U.K. 10.1%, Russia 7.9%, Sweden 7.8%. Imports--$8.2 billion: energy 15.5%, machinery 19.9%, chemicals 8.4%, food/food products 11.6%, metals 9.2%, vehicles 10.7%. Partners--Germany 14.0%, Lithuania 13.7, Russia 8.5%, Estonia 7.9%, Poland 6.4%, Finland 5.9%, Belarus 5.8%, Sweden 5.1%.